fredag den 22. november 2024

PRUNE1 is involved in Myalgic encephalomyelitis and in exercise biology

Eleven genes may be involved in Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) (1):
WASF3, NUP98, PRUNE1, KIRREL3, TNK2, EIF3C, HOXA1, PMS2P5, HDAC7, FFAR3, MAP3K2.

ME patients have Post Exertional Malaise (PEM). PEM is the worsening of symptoms following even minor physical or mental exertion that would have been tolerated previously. Symptoms typically worsen 12 to 48 hours after activity. PEM can last for days or even weeks (2). Cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses during a 2-day CPET in myalgic encephalomyelitis showed the problems (3).

In a preprint page 12 and 13 (4):
Molecular Landscape of Modality-Specific Exercise Adaptation in Human Skeletal Muscle through Large-Scale Multi-OMICs Integration

you can read this, quote:

"Exercise modality-specific analyses revealed 13 intersected genes (CLIC1, SMTNL1, MRPL23, ITGA7, IFITM3, IGFBP7, SLC41A3, CHTOP, CTBP1, PRUNE1, THY1, RPRD1B, and PODXL) associated with aerobic exercise across all OMIC layers, excluding mRNA followed by inactivity."

"However, five genes (CLIC1, IFITM3, PRUNE1, RPRD1B and PODXL) appear to be newly associated with aerobic exercise training."

"PRUNE1 is implicated in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, mitigation and survival. Its expression has been shown to be positively correlated with tumour metastasis (Ferrucci et al., 2024). Although there is no direct evidence linking PRUNE1 to exercise, its involvement in cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue repair can be indirectly associated with exercise. Exercise-induced muscle adaptation and repair processes could potentially be influenced by the mechanisms in which PRUNE1 is involved, highlighting its relevance in the context of exercise biology."


Further reading: 


References

1) Pihur V, Datta S, Datta S. Meta analysis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome through integration of clinical, gene expression, SNP and proteomic data. Bioinformation. 2011 Apr 22;6(3):120-4. doi: 10.6026/97320630006120. PMID: 21584188; PMCID: PMC3089886.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21584188/ 


2) https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/hcp/clinical-care/treating-the-most-disruptive-symptoms-first-and-preventing-worsening-of-symptoms.html

3) Keller B, Receno CN, Franconi CJ, Harenberg S, Stevens J, Mao X, Stevens SR, Moore G, Levine S, Chia J, Shungu D, Hanson MR. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses during a 2-day CPET in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: translating reduced oxygen consumption to impairment status to treatment considerations. J Transl Med. 2024 Jul 5;22(1):627. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05410-5. PMID: 38965566; PMCID: PMC11229500.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38965566/


4) PREPRINT
Molecular Landscape of Modality-Specific Exercise Adaptation in Human Skeletal Muscle through Large-Scale Multi-OMICs Integration
Macsue Jacques, Shanie Landen, Adam P Sharples, Andrew Garnham, Ralf Schittenhelm, Joel Stele, Aino Heikkinen, Elina Sillanpää, Miina Ollikainen, James Broatch, Navabeh Zarekookandeh, Ola Hanson, Ola Ekström, Olof Asplund, Séverine Lamon, Sarah E. Alexander, Cassandra Smith, Carlie Bauer, Mary N. Woessner, Itamar Levinger, Andrew E Teschendorff, Linn Gillberg, Ida Blom, Jørn Wulff Helge, Nicholas R Harvey, Larisa M Haupt, Lyn R Griffiths, Atul S. Deshmukh, Kirsi H Pietiläinen, Päivi Piirilä, Robert AE Seaborne, Bernadette Jones-Freeman, Nir Eynon
bioRxiv 2024.07.14.603458; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.14.603458

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.14.603458v1.supplementary-material

onsdag den 20. november 2024

Is TNK2 involved in the function of ATP synthase in Myalgic encephalomyelitis?

Eleven genes may be involved in Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) (1):

WASF3, NUP98, PRUNE1, KIRREL3, TNK2, EIF3C, HOXA1, PMS2P5, HDAC7, FFAR3, MAP3K2.

WASF3 and PRUNE1 are involved in mitochondrial dysfunction as previously described:

Regulation of PRUNE and the ATP synthase is involved in Myalgic encephalomyelitis

Is TNK2 also involved in regulation af mitochondrial function in ME?

In cancer cells TNK2 controls the ATP synthase (2), quote:
"The challenge of rapid macromolecular synthesis enforces the energy-hungry cancer cell mitochondria to switch their metabolic phenotypes, accomplished by activation of oncogenic tyrosine kinases. Precisely how kinase activity is directly exploited by cancer cell mitochondria to meet high-energy demand, remains to be deciphered. Here we show that a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, TNK2/ACK1 (tyrosine kinase non receptor 2), phosphorylated ATP5F1A (ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha) at Tyr243 and Tyr246 (Tyr200 and 203 in the mature protein, respectively) that not only increased the stability of complex V, but also increased mitochondrial energy output in cancer cells. Further, phospho-ATP5F1A (p-Y-ATP5F1A) prevented its binding to its physiological inhibitor, ATP5IF1 (ATP synthase inhibitory factor subunit 1), causing sustained mitochondrial activity to promote cancer cell growth. TNK2 inhibitor, (R)-9b reversed this process..."

If TNK2 is involved in ME and the control of ATP synthase, then TNK2 is not phosphorylating ATP5F1A. And hypothetically TNK2 may be downregulated.

In NK cells from ME patients, TNK2 is on top of the list of downregulated kinases (table 3 in ref 3). 

Is expression of TNK2 in ME involved in the function of ATP synthase?


Further reading: 
A Review of the Inhibition of the Mitochondrial ATP Synthase by IF1 in vivo: Reprogramming Energy Metabolism and Inducing Mitohormesis



References

1) Pihur V, Datta S, Datta S. Meta analysis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome through integration of clinical, gene expression, SNP and proteomic data. Bioinformation. 2011 Apr 22;6(3):120-4. doi: 10.6026/97320630006120. PMID: 21584188; PMCID: PMC3089886.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21584188/ 


2) Chouhan S, Sawant M, Weimholt C, Luo J, Sprung RW, Terrado M, Mueller DM, Earp HS, Mahajan NP. TNK2/ACK1-mediated phosphorylation of ATP5F1A (ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha) selectively augments survival of prostate cancer while engendering mitochondrial vulnerability. Autophagy. 2023 Mar;19(3):1000-1025. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2103961. Epub 2022 Jul 27. PMID: 35895804; PMCID: PMC9980697.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35895804/


3) Chacko A, Staines DR, Johnston SC, Marshall-Gradisnik SM. Dysregulation of Protein Kinase Gene Expression in NK Cells from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Patients. Gene Regul Syst Bio. 2016 Aug 28;10:85-93. doi: 10.4137/GRSB.S40036. PMID: 27594784; PMCID: PMC5003121.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27594784/

fredag den 15. november 2024

Regulation of PRUNE and the ATP synthase is involved in Myalgic encephalomyelitis

In 2011 an analysis identified eleven genes which may play important roles in Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) (1):


  • WASF3 = WAVE3
  • NUP98
  • PRUNE = PRUNE1
  • KIRREL = KIRREL3  
  • TNK2 = ACK1
  • EIF3S8 = EIF3C
  • HOXA1
  • PMS2L5 = PMS2P5
  • HDAC7A =  HDAC7
  • GRP41 = FFAR3
  • MAP3K2


  • In 2023 it was shown that WASF3 disrupts mitochondrial respiration and may mediate exercise intolerance in Myalgic encephalomyelitis (2).

    What about the ten other genes on the list?

    PRUNE is interesting! Data indicate that the protein Prune regulates the activity of the mitochondrial ATP synthase (complex V). The loss of Prune inhibits the activity of the ATP synthase, and it decreases the prodution af ATP (3). 

    And research suggest that ME patients may have a defect in the ATP synthase and dysregulated mitochondrial function (4).

    Prune regulates the metabolism of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP). We need to look into what role polyP may have in ME. Start reading:  

    Human Prune Regulates the Metabolism of Mammalian Inorganic Polyphosphate and Bioenergetics

    Enzymatic Depletion of Mitochondrial Inorganic Polyphosphate (polyP) Increases the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and the Activity of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) in Mammalian Cells

    Inorganic polyphosphate and energy metabolism in mammalian cells

    Depletion of mitochondrial inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) in mammalian cells causes metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis


    Excessive release of inorganic polyphosphate by ALS/FTD astrocytes causes non-cell-autonomous toxicity to motoneurons


    References

    1) Pihur V, Datta S, Datta S. Meta analysis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome through integration of clinical, gene expression, SNP and proteomic data. Bioinformation. 2011 Apr 22;6(3):120-4. doi: 10.6026/97320630006120. PMID: 21584188; PMCID: PMC3089886.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21584188/ 

    2) Wang PY, Ma J, Kim YC, Son AY, Syed AM, Liu C, Mori MP, Huffstutler RD, Stolinski JL, Talagala SL, Kang JG, Walitt BT, Nath A, Hwang PM. WASF3 disrupts mitochondrial respiration and may mediate exercise intolerance in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Aug 22;120(34):e2302738120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2302738120. Epub 2023 Aug 14. PMID: 37579159; PMCID: PMC10450651.2) 

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37579159/

    3) Scoma ER, Da Costa RT, Leung HH, Urquiza P, Guitart-Mampel M, Hambardikar V, Riggs LM, Wong CO, Solesio ME. Human Prune Regulates the Metabolism of Mammalian Inorganic Polyphosphate and Bioenergetics. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Sep 8;24(18):13859. doi: 10.3390/ijms241813859. PMID: 37762163; PMCID: PMC10531210.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762163/

    4) Missailidis D, Annesley SJ, Allan CY, Sanislav O, Lidbury BA, Lewis DP, Fisher PR. An Isolated Complex V Inefficiency and Dysregulated Mitochondrial Function in Immortalized Lymphocytes from ME/CFS Patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 6;21(3):1074. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031074. PMID: 32041178; PMCID: PMC7036826.

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32041178/


    torsdag den 21. marts 2024

    Proteiner fra vesikler viser opregulering af antigen præsentation hos ME patienter efter motion

    I sidste blogindlæg skrev jeg om den nye artikel, der peger på vedvarende antigen præsentation som "root cause" til ME (1):

    Vedvarende aktivitet i immunforsvaret menes at være den grundlæggende årsag til Myalgisk Encephalomyelitis


    En anden artikel afslører ligeledes tegn på påvirkning af antigen præsentation hos ME patienter (2):

    Dysregulation of extracellular vesicle protein cargo in female myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome cases and sedentary controls in response to maximal exercise


    Basisviden: Ekstracellulære veksikler (EV) er små "beholdere" med protein, der udskilles fra forskellige celletyper, f. eks. muskel- og immunceller. Efter motion kan EV indeholde proteiner, der anvendes til ændret metabolisme, inflammations processer og vedligehold af muskler.


    Beskrivelse af forsøget

    EV blev isoleret fra plasma fra 18 kvinder med ME:
    • før motion
    • 15 minutter efter motion
    • 24 timer efter motion
    Der blev ligledes isoleret EV fra plasma fra en matchende kontrolgruppe.


    Resultat

    Resultatet fremgår af figur 4 i artiklen. Bemærk "antigen præsentation" har 2. pladsen i listen over påvirkede processer efter motion (2):



    Figur 4. Differences in EV protein levels between ME/CFS and controls at each time point (a) and enrichment analysis (b). (a) The y-axis shows the Log2 fold change (ME/CFS vs. Controls) of 10,000 bootstrapped datasets at each time point. A median FC of 0 indicates no difference. Black dots show all proteins significant before FDR correction. Black bars show 95% confidence intervals (CI). Gray bars with caps show the false discovery rate adjusted CIs (with q < 0.1). A protein is significant after FDR correction (DAPs, red dots) if the adjusted CI does not include 0. (b) Bar plot showing—Log10(FDR) of the top 10 significant Reactome pathways (FDR < 0.05) enriched for EV proteins that are significantly different (q < 0.1) between ME/CFS and controls 15 min post-exercise. The number inside the bubble shows the number of EV proteins in each pathway. (Reference 2).


    Fra artiklens afsnit "Dysfunctional immune signalling in EVs in ME/CFS post-exercise" fremgår følgende (2):

    "We found increased ANXA2, B2M and ORM1 in ME/CFS versus controls 15 min post-exercise. These three proteins are members of the immune system protein pathways ‘antigen presentation’, ‘cytokine signaling’ and ‘adaptive immune system’ (Figure 4b)."

    "Annexin II (ANXA2) is a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein that orchestrates membrane repair, vesicle fusion and cytoskeletal organization during the inflammatory response or tissue injury (Lim & Hajjar, 2021)."

    "Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) is necessary for the cell surface expression and structural stability of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) which plays key roles in antigen presentation and processing, inflammation, the complement cascade, and stress response (Trowsdale & Knight, 2013)."

    "In the CNS, B2M can also negatively affect hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity and has been linked to clinical depression (Lamers et al., 2016). While B2M dysregulation has not been previously identified in ME/CFS patients, this finding is consistent with dysfunctional adaptive immune cells in ME/CFS (Maya, 2023)."

    "Orosomucoid (ORM1) is an acute phase protein associated with fatigue. In our study, ORM1 had a significantly lower 24 h/15 min ratio in ME/CFS patients versus controls, due to opposing trends in controls versus patients (Figure 8, Figure S3). A previous study found that the change in muscle soreness scores in healthy individuals positively correlated with serum ORM1 levels 24 h post-exercise, suggesting that ORM1 is associated with the extent of exercise-induced damage and inflammation (Tékus et al., 2017)."

    "This upregulation of serum and CSF ORM at baseline may reflect the body's attempt to mitigate the everyday fatigue that occurs in ME/CFS, while the altered dynamics of ORM1 in EVs post-exercise may indicate disruption of the muscle fatigue—ORM1 feedback loop."


    Bemærk også at blodplade (engelsk: platelet) processer har 1. pladsen. Påvisning af blodplade processer hos ME patienter er også beskrevet i ME forskningen (3 og 4):

    The Occurrence of Hyperactivated Platelets and Fibrinaloid Microclots in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)

    Cardiovascular and haematological pathology in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): A role for viruses


    Videre analyse af EV proteiner er foretaget og resultatet er vist i figur 7c (2):






    Figur 7. Tissue and cell type enrichment analysis. Sankey network diagrams showing 81 and 22 EV proteins contributing to uniquely enriched tissue type terms in controls (a) and in ME/CFS patients (b), respectively. Each line in the Sankey network shows one connection between a protein and an enriched tissue or cell type term. (c) Bubble plot with terms that are commonly enriched in both ME/CFS patients and controls, as well as their significance (-Log10 (FDR)) and the number of proteins overlapping with each reference gene/protein set. (reference 2).

    Bemærk, at her dukker motor cortex processer op. I NIH's hypotese (reference 1) var motor cortex problemer sat i relation til vedvarende antigen præsentation.

    Så hvis vedvarende antigen præsentation giver motor cortex problemer, der påvirker motion. OG motion inducerer processer vedrørende antigen præsentaion, så lyder det som vi har en ond cirkel. Vi må afvente mere forskning og se hvordan de forklarer alle de sammenhængen, der efterhånden er dukket op.


    Referencer:

    1) Walitt, B., Singh, K., LaMunion, S.R. et al. Deep phenotyping of post-infectious myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Nat Commun 15, 907 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45107-3

    2) Giloteaux L, Glass KA, Germain A, Franconi CJ, Zhang S, Hanson MR. Dysregulation of extracellular vesicle protein cargo in female myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome cases and sedentary controls in response to maximal exercise. J Extracell Vesicles. 2024 Jan;13(1):e12403. doi: 10.1002/jev2.12403. PMID: 38173127; PMCID: PMC10764978.

    3) Nunes JM, Kruger A, Proal A, Kell DB, Pretorius E. The Occurrence of Hyperactivated Platelets and Fibrinaloid Microclots in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 Jul 27;15(8):931. doi: 10.3390/ph15080931. PMID: 36015078; PMCID: PMC9413879.

    4) Nunes JM, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Cardiovascular and haematological pathology in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): A role for viruses. Blood Rev. 2023 Jul;60:101075. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101075. Epub 2023 Mar 20. PMID: 36963989; PMCID: PMC10027292.

    onsdag den 13. marts 2024

    Vedvarende aktivitet i immunforsvaret menes at være den grundlæggende årsag til Myalgisk Encephalomyelitis

    National Institute of Health i USA står bag artiklen,

    Deep phenotyping of post-infectious myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

    som er udgivet i det anerkendte tidsskrift Nature Communications (1).


    National Institute of Health har skrevet om studiet her:

    Insight into mechanisms of ME/CFS

    De skriver bl.a.: "They found differences in B cells, which make antibodies to help fight pathogens. People with PI-ME/CFS had more naïve B cells, which can be activated by any foreign substance. But they had fewer switched memory B cells, which respond to a specific pathogen that the body has encountered before. B cell dysfunction was more prominent in women. These findings suggests that the immune system continues to be activated in the absence of infection."


    Deltagere i studiet

    Der deltog 17 patienter med Post-Infectious Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (PI-ME/CFS, herefter kun kaldet ME). Til sammenligning deltog 21 raske kontrolpersoner (healthy volunteers, HV). I nogle undersøgelser deltog et færrre antal ME patienter og kontrolpersoner. Dette er angivet i artiklen ved hver undersøgelse.

    ME patienterne opfyldte følgende diagnose-kriterier:

    • 14 opfyldte Fukuda Criteria
    • 9 opfyldte Canadien Consensus Criteria
    • alle 17 opfyldte Institute of Medicine Diagnostic Criteria

    ME diagnoserne blev bekræftet af et panel af ME eksperter. Infektionerne der gik forud for ME omfattede:

    • 10 tilfælde af forskellige infektioner i øvre luftveje
    • 3 tilfælde af Epstein Barr Virus infektion
    • 1 tilfælde af maveinfektion
    • 1 tilfælde af atypisk hepatitis
    • 1 tilfælde af Ramsay Hunt syndrom pga herpes zoster (herpes zoster er reaktivering af varicella (=skoldkoppevirus))
    • 1 tilfælde af herpes zoster ophthalmicus

    Da patienterne deltog i studiet havde de haft ME i gennemsnit 33 måneder. 13 måneder for den korteste tid med ME og 59 måneder for den længste tid med ME.

    Rekruttering af patienter foregik mellem dec 2016 og feb 2020. Efter afslutning af studiet blev ME patienterne kontaktet mellem nov 2021 og juli 2022. Her var 4 af de 17 ME patienter blevet helt raske. Der er efterfølgende fremsat kritik af studiets snævre udsnit af patienter, og den høje spontane helbredelsesprocent har vakt undren.


    Autonom dysfunktion påvist hos ME patienter

    Undersøgelser viste tegn på, at ME patienterne havde:

    • øget hjerteryme om dagen (tegn på øget sympatisk aktivitet)
    • formindsket fald i hjerterytmen om natten (tegn på nedsat parasympatisk aktivitet)
    • nedsat baroflex-cardiovagal funktion

    Konklusionen fra artiklen var: "...these data suggest that there is an alteration in autonomic tone, implying central nervous system regulatory change."


    Forringet kardio-pulmonær motionstest hos ME patienter

    Tidligere forsøg har vist, at to kardio-pulmonære motionstest (CPET) adskilt af 24 timer er en effektiv måde at påvise motions-intolerance og post exertional malaise (PEM) hos ME patienter. Desværre blev en sådan dobbelt test IKKE medtaget i det ellers så omfattende studie. Men en enkelt CPET viste, at ME patienter havde

    • lavere VO2 peak
    • lavere procent af forventet VO2 peak
    • lavere puls revovery
    • lavere VO2 ved anaerob tærskelværdi

    Det var således muligt at skelne mellem ME patienter og raske kontrolpersoner ved en kardiopulmonær motionstest. Konklusionen fra artiklen var. "...despite successful CPET engagement, PI-ME/CFS participants were less likely to achieve their predicted maximal output, suggesting a differential cardiorespiratory performance related to autonomic function, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyporesponsiveness, and muscular deconditioning from disuse that clinically impacts activities of daily life."


    Immunaktivering og køns-specifikke forskelle i immunforsvaret hos ME patienter

    Blodprøver fra ME patienter viste:

    • øget niveau af naive B-celler
    • formindsket niveau af switched memory B-celler
    • formindsket niveau af CD8+ T-celler undertype CD226
    • øget niveau af CD8+ naive T-celler (KUN kvinder)

    Cerebrospinalvæske prøver fra ME patienter viste:

    • øget niveau af CD8+ T-celler undertype PD-1 (= markør for T-celle aktivering)
    • øget niveau af CD8+ T-celler CXCR5 (KUN mænd)

    Der blev også udført en analyse af gen ekspression i immun-celler (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC). Der blev påvist forskellig ekspression af flere gener (differentially expressed genes, DE genes) hos ME patienter:
    • gener relateret til et protein netværk omkring STAT4-TLR9 stivejen var opreguleret (KUN mænd)
    • gener relateret til protein netværk omkring B-celler (KUN kvinder)

    Konklusionen fra artiklen: "Additionally, DE genes were also enriched in cytokine and lymphocyte proliferation processes. These data are consistent with expansion of naïve B-cells by the STAT4-TLR9 and other B-cell pathways observed in PI-ME/CFS by flow cytometry."

    Der blev endvidere udført en aptamer analyse af serum og cerebrospinal væske. Det er en analyse, der kan påvise forekomst af forskellige proteiner. Der blev IKKE påvist nogen FDR-korrigeret statistisk signifikant forskel mellem ME patienter og kontrolpersoner. Men ved at analysere data kønsspecifikt kunne der påvises proteiner, der var specifikke for ME. Artiklen oplyser, at der er behov for at undersøge disse fund i nye studier og validere resultaterne. Figur S15 og S16 viser aptamer analyse resulaterne.

    Topscore resultater af aptamer analyse af serum (KUN mænd):
    • nedsat niveau af alfa-1-antitrypsin
    • øget niveau af ferritin
    • øget niveau af protein S
    • øget niveau af GPC5

    og cerebrospinalvæske (KUN mænd):
    • øget niveau af HB-EGF
    • nedsat niveau af CLM6
    • øget niveau af protein disulfid isomerase
    • nedsat niveau af IMDH2

    Topscore resultater af aptamer analyse af serum (KUN kvinder):
    • øget niveau af plasminogen
    • nedsat niveau af galectin-4
    • øget niveau af lymfotoxin a2/b1
    • nedsat niveau af iC3b

    og cerebrospinalvæske (KUN kvinder):
    • øget niveau af sFRP-3
    • øget niveau af PTN
    • øget niveau af IGFBP-2
    • øget niveau af IGFBP5

    Artiklen oplyser: ".. in the female cohorts, gene expression profiling of PBMCs identified perturbations in B-cell and leukocyte proliferation processes with a corresponding identification of plasma lymphotoxin α1β2, which may act as a proliferative signal in secondary lymphoid tissues."

    "The cause of immune dysregulation is not clear but may suggest the possibility of persistent antigenic stimulation."

    I artiklens supplerende afsnit står der: "PI-ME/CFS individuals had immune activation and immune exhaustion."

    Lidt basisviden: Et antigen er et fremmed stof, som aktiverer kroppens immunforsvar. En vedvarende præsentation af det fremmede protein til immunforsvaret kan ses ved f. eks.  infektion, autoimmunitet (hvor et af kroppens egne proteiner anses for fremmed) eller ved transplantationer (2): 

    Regulation of T and B cell responses to chronic antigenic stimulation during Infection, autoimmunity and transplantation


    Dysreguleret katekolamin niveau og tryptofan stivej hos ME patienter

    Dopamin, adrenalin og noradrenalin kaldes katekolaminer. De fungerer som neurotransmittere i centralnervesystemet (CNS) og i periferien. Jeg vil anbefale, at man lige kaster et blik på omsætningen af disse neurotransmittere:  Catecholamine

    Cerebrospinalvæske prøver fra ME patienterne viste:
    • formindsket niveau af 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)
    • formindsket niveau af 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)
    • formindsket niveau af (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG)

    Niveauet af dopamin (= 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine, DA), cys-DOPA og noradrenalin var ikke forskelligt fra niveauet hos kontrolpersonerne.

    Cerebrospinalvæske prøver fra ME patienterne viste endvidere:
    • ændret niveau af flere tryptofan metabolitter
    • nedsat niveau af glutamat
    • nedsat niveau af polyaminer
    • nedsat niveau af citronsyre cyklus metabolitter

    Af figur S13 fremgår topscorerne over metabolitter med nedsat niveau i cerebrospinal væske fra mænd (de første fem):
    • orotidine
    • dimetyl sulfone
    • mannitol/sorbitol
    • threonin
    • N6, N6-dimetyllysine

    og topscore over metabolitter med nedsat niveau i cerebrospinal vsæske for kvinder (de første fem):
    • 5-hydroxyindolacetat
    • picolinate
    • 4-guanidinobutanoate
    • dimetyl sulfone
    • 4-acetamidobutanoate

    Udholdenhed i håbdgrebsstyrke var nedsat hos ME patienter

    Ved en enkelt test af håndgrebsstyrke var der ikke forskel mellem ME patienter og kontrolpersoner. Ved gentagne test havde ME patienter mindre udholdenhed og mistede hurtigt styrken i grebet (p-værdi = 0,0002).

    Det område i hjernen, der sender besked til musklen om aktivitet, hedder motor cortex. Styrken i signalet fra hjerne til muskel kan måles med Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs). Under vedvarende brug af musklerne til håndgrebsstyrke testen faldt MEP signalet hos kontrolpersonerne, men MEP signalet steg hos ME patienter. Så selv om motor cortex udsendte stigende signaler til musklen, blev håndgrebsstyrken forringet. 

    Konklusion fra artiklen var: "This indicates that the primary motor cortex remained excitable for PI-ME/CFS, suggesting reduced motor engagement from this group."

    En hjernscanning af 8 ME patienter og 10 krontrolpersoner viste, at under håndgrebsstyrke testen havde ME patienterne lavere aktivitet end kontrolpersonerne i følgende hjerneområder:
    • temporo-parietal junction (TPJ)
    • superior parietal lobule
    • right temporal gyrus


    ME patienter havde ændret præference for valg af opgavers sværhedsgrad

    Der blev gennemført en Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). Den viste, at ME patienter var mere tilbøjelige til at vælge en let opgave (med lavere belønning) end en svær opgave (med højere belønning). Opgaverne var PC styrede og man skulle trykke på en knap få eller mange gange afhængig af opgavens sværhedsgrad.


    Artiklens diskussions afsnit - hvordan tolkes resultaterne?

    Det store spørgsmål er hvordan resultatet af alle undersøgelser samlet skal tolkes. Jeg har nedenstående samlet citater fra artiklens diskussions afsnit:

    "Compared to HVs, PI-ME/CFS participants failed to maintain a moderate grip force even though there was no difference in maximum grip strength or arm muscle mass. This difference in performance correlated with decreased activity of the right temporal-parietal junction, a part of the brain that is focused on determining mismatch between willed action and resultant movement."

    "...the fatigue of PI-ME/CFS participants is due to dysfunction of integrative brain regions that drive the motor cortex, the cause of which needs to be further explored. "

    " Interviews with PI-ME/CFS participants revealed that sustained effort led to post-exertional malaise. Conscious and unconscious behavioral alterations to pace and avoid discomfort may underlie the differential performance observed."

    "We measured peripheral fatigue (high:low ratio) and central fatigue (post exercise depression). Both types of fatigue were seen in the HVs but not in the PI-ME/CFS participants. Moreover, testing of effort preference and the participants’ own words (Supplementary Information, p.10) are consistent with this finding. Together these findings suggest that effort preference, not fatigue, is the defining motor behavior of this illness."

    "Interestingly, PI-ME/CFS participants’ catechol levels in cerebrospinal fluid correlated with grip strength and effort preference, and several metabolites of the dopamine pathway correlated with several cognitive symptoms. This suggests that central nervous system catechol pathways are dysregulated in PI-ME/CFS and may play a role in effort preference and cognitive complaints. The pattern suggests decreased central catecholamine biosynthesis in PI-ME/CFS. Similarly, decreased serum catechols and their metabolites have recently been reported in Long COVID-19."

    "Metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid identified downregulation of tryptophan metabolites in the PI-ME/CFS cohort, consistent with prior ME/CFS and Long COVID-19 studie."

    "The cause of immune dysregulation is not clear but may suggest the possibility of persistent antigenic stimulation."

    "Considering all the data together, PI-ME/CFS appears to be a centrally mediated disorder. We posit this hypothetical mechanism of how an infection can create a cascade of physiological alterations that lead to the PI-ME/CFS phenotype (Fig. 10). Exposure to an infection leads to concomitant immune dysfunction and changes in microbial composition. Immune dysfunction may be related to both innate and adaptive immune responses that are sex dependent. One possibility is that these changes are related to antigen persistence of the infectious pathogen"

    "Therapeutically targeting downstream mechanisms, with exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, or autonomic directed therapies, may have limited impact on symptom burden, as it would not address the root cause of PI-ME/CFS. However, combination therapy affecting multiple pathways could be considered."

    Som jeg læser diskussions afsnittet i artiklen, så sender forskerne blandede signaler om ME patienters fatigue. Der er de klare fakta om immun og katekolamin dysfunktion, og så er der de lidt mere uklare signaler, om hvordan effort preference skal tolkes. Den hypotese de ender op med kan ses på figur 10 i artiklen:


    Hypotesen har vedvarende antigen præsentation som grundlæggende årsag til ME. Det vedvarende aktive immunforsvar er årsag til det dysregulerede niveau af signalstoffer i central nerve systemet (CNS), som igen påvirker de områder i hjerne der styrer motor cortex.

    Forskerne henviser til en anden artikel, som tidligere har foreslået vedvarende antigen præsentation som årsag til ME:


    Læs også bloggen Health Rising, der har skrevet om studiet:


    Referencer:

    1) Walitt, B., Singh, K., LaMunion, S.R. et al. Deep phenotyping of post-infectious myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Nat Commun 15, 907 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45107-3


    2) Ahmed R, Ford ML, Sanz I. Regulation of T and B cell responses to chronic antigenic stimulation during Infection, autoimmunity and transplantation. Immunol Rev. 2019 Nov;292(1):5-8. doi: 10.1111/imr.12836. PMID: 31883175.